A brief overview of jazz:
It’s nearly impossible to come up with a precise definition of jazz but one characteristic that it has to have is improvisation. Because of this most people don’t consider smooth jazz as “real jazz.” There’s little to no improvisation in smooth jazz.
A characteristic that jazz had ubiquitously until around the 60’s was a rhythm that was “swung.” It’s hard to explain on paper but basically instead of even eighth notes, the downbeats are slightly longer and the offbeats slightly shorter. This gives jazz it’s “swinging” feel.
Jazz has its origin in the blues, which can be traced back to the work songs sung by the slaves in the fields. Musically, it takes its characteristics from two sources: African rhythms mixed with European harmonies. It’s truly a unique result of the cultural exchange between the African slaves and whites in the United States.
Jazz was invented in the early 20th century, most would say in New Orleans. This early genre of jazz is commonly called “Dixieland” music. This is the style of music that the well-known trumpet player Louis Armstrong played.
I don’t really listen to much
Dixieland but I’ll post a couple of standard tunes just as an example:
Louis Armstrong - Basin Street Blues:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8GjJD826vc
ODJB – Livery Stable Blues:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WojNaU4-kI
Big Band/Swing: Not much to say here besides the obvious. Large ensembles of instruments playing large scale arrangements. The popular dance music of the 30’s and 40’s, probably the most famous examples of this are
Glenn Miller – In the Mood:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR3K5uB-wMA
Louis Prima – Sing Sing Sing:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2S1I_ien6A
In the mid 40’s and early 50’s, a duo of musicians, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, changed jazz forever. They developed the style of jazz known as
bebop. This genre emphasized harmonically complex solos with syncopated rhythms, along with uptempo speeds. Here’s a few examples:
Charlie Parker – Celerity:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEibWy5miBk
Charlie Parker – Confirmation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XA_Jugejto
Charlie Parker – Cool Blues:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pVxWdnInWY
In my opinion Charlie Parker is the greatest musician of all time. His technique was pretty much flawless, his solos were melodic, yet complex and swinging as hell.
Around the same time, Miles Davis and Gil Evans collaborated with a group of musicians that went in a unique direction. They invented a genre of jazz known as
Cool Jazz. This jazz emphasized more European harmonies along with a more relaxed feel and arranged structure. Instruments such as the euphonium were incorporated into the group. The seminal album for this style was called “Birth of the Cool.” Miles knew he was onto something:
Miles Davis - Boplicity:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLzqjmoZZAc
Miles Davis – Jeru:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRjjqFogPGI
Modal Jazz, which Miles Davis is also given credit for inventing, is a style that usually only uses one or two chords. As such, it is the soloists job to create tension and resolution on his own without help from the changes. The best example of this is seminal “Kind of Blue,” the most famous jazz album of all time:
Miles Davis – So What:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEC8nqT6Rrk
Miles Davis – All Blues:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t64Y6e2Zwa0
If there’s one album that’s required listening for anyone, not just jazz fans, it’s Kind of Blue. It’s a perfect album. Few things are better than laying back, closing your eyes and listening to Flamenco Sketches. Ahhhh **** =].
Latin Jazz happened during the 50’s and 60’s. Not much to say except it’s a fusion of jazz with latin music. The two varieties are
Bossa nova (Brazilian influence):
Astrud Gilberto - The Girl from Ipanema:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jrJ5mcCshw
And
Afro-Cuban music (Cuban influence):
Manteca (originally by Dizzy Gillespie):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koAHmimCPUY
By the mid 60’s, Jazz was no longer the dominant popular music of the day. Rock and Roll had surpassed in back in the 50’s. Jazz musicians incorporated rock elements into their music in what some might call an attempt to stay relevant. Thus,
jazz fusion (also called simply
Fusion) was born. It rejects the swung rhythm of traditional jazz in favor of a more straight rock feel. Electronic instruments were also being incorporated.
Once again, Miles Davis was at the forefront of this innovation (at this point, you should be beginning to see why he’s considered one of the most influential jazz musicians ever). The landmark album for fusion is often considered to be “*****es Brew.”
Miles Davis – *****es Brew:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc7qiosq4m4
Chick Corea – Spain:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_OEJ0wqt2g
Herbie Hancock was also very into jazz fusion/
jazz funk:
Herbie Hancock – Chameleon:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQsSQRWMhOs
Fusion continues to develop well into the modern day, with various jazz groups sticking to that style.
The avante garde movement was also happening concurrently with fusion, but I don’t know much about it nor do I particularly like avante garde or free jazz, but certain influences remain.
I’d say modern jazz in these past couple of decades has been very fusion-influenced, but the beauty of jazz is that it is a highly adaptable art form that can absorb many musical styles into it. It’s hard to pinpoint one particular jazz “style” basically since bebop, since there have been many offshoots or branches within the genre since then.
I’ll end by posting some modern jazz musicians and their tunes:
Kenny Garrett – Wayne’s Thang:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDFRSX_n_Vc
Joshua Redman – Jazz Crimes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ICJUFOJa2g