You could probably write up a table with stages and mark them good or bad for various characters, but it's much easier to think about what ways to kill or do damage characters have and which stages have elements that help something like that, especially as not everyone has the same playstyle. For example, Halberd is a good stage for characters that can kill off the top due to its low ceiling blastzone, like Diddy or Rosalina. Meanwhile, a stage like Final Destination is bad for characters like Bowser because it's free reign for projectiles, and he can use platforms to his advantage well because he has a large hurtbox that can go underneath.
There's pretty specific descriptions of stages in the Smash Academy board, and the rest is mostly experience, so go from there. Actually play the stages with the characters and you'll often notice things about them that help or hinder you.